Allergies in Zoo Animals vs. the Wild
Allergies, common among domesticated animals like dogs and cats, are rarely observed in the wild. However, zoos reveal a different narrative, where animals living in controlled environments occasionally exhibit allergy symptoms. This article explores the reasons behind this phenomenon and how zoos manage allergies in their residents.
A Tiger’s Unusual Allergy Case
At the Oklahoma City Zoo, Eko, a Sumatran tiger, displayed peculiar behavior by rubbing his face against a fence, and breaking his whiskers. Despite treatment with antihistamines, his symptoms persisted. The zoo’s team collaborated with a veterinary dermatologist who conducted skin allergy tests to identify the allergens affecting Eko. This case underscores how advanced medical care in zoos can diagnose conditions like allergies, which might go unnoticed in the wild. Dr. Jennifer D’Agostino, chief animal program officer at the Oklahoma City Zoo, explains, “Now that we have more advanced medicine and knowledge, I think it’s probably being diagnosed more than maybe it was in the past.”
Allergies in the Wild vs. Zoos
In the wild, animals rarely display noticeable allergy symptoms. Experts theorize that exposure to diverse environmental microbes and parasites strengthens their immune systems. Additionally, natural selection likely plays a role—animals with severe allergies might not survive to reproduce. However, zoo animals, monitored closely by keepers, often have allergies identified and treated. Factors like genetic drift from breeding under human care and exposure to non-native allergens contribute to this.
Allergies in Animals: Eko’s Treatment Journey
Eko underwent allergen desensitization therapy involving regular injections. “The allergen therapy helped him out tremendously,” Dr. D’Agostino notes. His symptoms resolved, with his whiskers and fur regrowing. Despite occasional antihistamines for flare-ups, Eko’s condition significantly improved, and he thrived after being transferred to the Akron Zoo.
Environmental Factors in Zoos Affected Allergies in Animals
Zoos expose animals to new allergens they wouldn’t encounter in their native habitats. Dr. D’Agostino highlights, “They’re exposed to grasses and plants that they would never come across in their native habitat.” For example, Oklahoma’s allergenic environment can affect both humans and animals. Animals in zoos may also come into contact with pollutants or substances brought in by visitors and staff, further complicating their exposure.
Managing Allergies in Various Species
Allergies are more common in carnivores and birds. Dr. D’Agostino currently oversees treatments for a jaguar, Zia, and two Asian elephants, Kairavi and Chandra. Zia, allergic to fleas and mosquitoes, received flea medications, allergy shots, and environmental treatments. Meanwhile, blood tests identified the elephants’ pollen and grass allergies, with oral therapies proving effective for Kairavi. Zia’s case exemplifies the importance of tailoring allergy management to the specific needs of each animal.
Point Defiance Zoo’s Allergies in Animals Cases
Similarly, at the Point Defiance Zoo & Aquarium, Dr. Kadie Anderson manages allergies in a polar bear, a goat, and two beavers. Symptoms like itchiness, watery eyes, and recurrent ear infections signal allergies in these animals. For instance, Astra, a polar bear, was allergic to trees, mites, insects, and even dogs. Her treatment involves immunotherapy administered under her tongue. Keepers play a pivotal role in administering treatments and monitoring progress. In cases like Astra’s, behavioral training ensures that medical interventions cause minimal stress.
Additional Case Studies of Allergies in Animals
Other zoos have also reported managing allergies in species such as black leopards and fruit bats. In one study published in the Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, veterinarians successfully treated a black leopard with seasonal atopy using transmucosal immunotherapy. This innovative approach demonstrates the growing range of options available for addressing allergies in exotic species. Additionally, pteropid bats have been treated for allergic dermatitis, showcasing the diversity of animals that can experience and recover from allergies.
Broader Implications of Climate Change Affected Allergies in Animals
Dr. Anderson warns that climate change may extend pollen seasons, exacerbating allergy issues. “As our climate changes, I think we’re going to see plants potentially flower for longer periods of time, or they might be releasing pollen for long periods of time,” she explains. This shift could introduce new challenges for both wild and zoo animals. For example, longer growing seasons may increase the prevalence of allergens, while changing weather patterns could bring new plants into regions where they were previously absent. For zoo animals, these changes highlight the importance of adaptive management strategies.
The Role of Keepers and Veterinary Teams
The success of allergy treatment in zoos hinges on the close observation and care provided by keepers and veterinary teams. Keepers often notice subtle behavioral changes that signal underlying health issues. Their ability to build strong relationships with the animals enables effective treatment administration. For instance, keepers trained Astra, the polar bear, to accept sublingual immunotherapy calmly. Such collaborative efforts between keepers and veterinarians ensure that animals receive comprehensive care.
The Future of Allergy Management in Zoos
As research advances, zoos are adopting increasingly sophisticated tools for diagnosing and treating allergies. Blood tests, intradermal testing, and advanced imaging techniques are now commonly used. Additionally, the development of specialized diets and hypoallergenic environments offers new hope for allergy-prone animals. Zoos are also partnering with academic institutions to study the genetic factors influencing allergy susceptibility in captive populations. These initiatives aim to improve health outcomes for zoo animals and contribute valuable insights into allergy management for wildlife conservation.
Conclusion
While allergies in animals are still rare, zoos’ advanced medical care highlights the conditions animals face in controlled environments. The efforts of veterinary teams ensure these animals live healthy lives despite their unique challenges. As research advances and environmental factors evolve, understanding and managing allergies in zoo animals will remain crucial. By leveraging cutting-edge technology and fostering collaboration among experts, zoos can continue to provide exceptional care for their residents while contributing to global knowledge about animal health.
Sources: Discover Magazine: Animals May Not Get Allergies in the Wild, But Zoos Tell a Different Story
